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金属钝化膜击破机制研究


点蚀起始于钝化膜的局部破坏,对钝化膜的认识及探索是材料科学与工程领域中的经典问题之一。由于钝化膜非常薄(3~5nm),对其结构的直接观测极具挑战性,探究氯离子导致的结构演变则更为困难。自上世纪六十年代,材料科学家普遍采用表面谱学等间接的实验手段研究氯离子击破钝化膜的机制,提出了多种模型和假说,但尚无定论。其争论的核心问题是氯离子在钝化膜中的存在位置及作用方式。

球差校正透射电子显微技术在研究钝化膜结构及在Cl-离子作用下的演变问题方面具有优势,但瓶颈性难题是难以得到清晰明锐的钝化膜/基体界面。我们研究小组通过奥氏体单晶基体的应用解决了这一瓶颈性难题,率先在该方向上取得了突破性进展。

在原子尺度下直接获得了金属表面超薄钝化膜的剖面显微图像,证实了钝化膜由极其微小的具有尖晶石结构的纳米晶和非晶组成;基于定量电子显微学分析并结合理论计算,发现氯离子沿着纳米晶和非晶之间的特殊“晶界”并以贯穿通道为路径传输至钝化膜与金属之间的界面,造成基体一侧的晶格膨胀、界面的起伏以及膜一侧的疏松化,并在界面处引入了拉应力。起伏界面的凸起在应力的作用下最终成为钝化膜发生破裂的位置。

该工作为揭示氯离子与金属钝化膜的交互作用提供了直接的实验证据,为修正和完善数十年来基于模型和假说所建立起来的钝化膜击破理论提供了原子尺度的结构信息,将有关钝化膜的研究推向了新的阶段。

《自然·通讯》(Nature Communications)发表了该项成果,《科学》(Science)周刊对该成果进行了推介。(Nature Communications 9, 2559 (2018))(推介:Science  361, 988(2018))

Fig.1:Chloride ions get to certain interfacial locations by heterogeneously penetrating the as-grown film, andmodify the interface zones via lattice expansion on the metal side, and induced undulations at the interface and structural inhomogeneity on the film side. (a)Cross-sectional HRTEM images along the [001] axis of the austenitic matrix showing the interface between the passive film and steel matrix. It is seen that the passive film is mainly amorphous, with some nanocrystals. (b-c) Element maps of the film formed in (b) 0.5 mol L-1H2SO4and (c) 0.5 mol L-1H2SO4+ 0.3 mol L-1NaCl electrolyte at 640 mV / SHE for 30 min. (d) High resolution HAADF-STEM image along the [001] direction of the austenitic matrix showing the passive film on (110) of FeCr15Ni15single crystal in 0.5 mol L-1H2SO4. The interface is sharp and straight at the atomic scale. (e) LADIA simulation map based on d, which shows no evidence of lattice expansion and associated tension. (f) High resolution HAADF-STEM image along the [110] axis showing a passive film formed in 0.5 mol L-1H2SO4+ 0.3 mol L-1NaCl electrolyte, with corresponding undulating interface. (g) LADIA simulating map based on f, revealing obvious lattice expansion, with associated induced tension.
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